在基于 RPM 的系统上，例如 RHEL、CentOS 等，我们中的许多人使用 yum 包管理器来管理软件的安装、删除、更新、搜索等。

Linux 发行版的大部分软件都来自发行版官方仓库。官方仓库包含大量免费和开源的应用和软件。它很容易安装和使用。

由于一些限制和专有问题，基于 RPM 的发行版在其官方仓库中没有提供某些包。另外，出于稳定性考虑，它不会提供最新版本的核心包。

为了克服这种情况，我们需要安装或启用需要的第三方仓库。对于基于 RPM 的系统，有许多第三方仓库可用，但所建议使用的仓库很少，因为这些不会替换大量的基础包。

建议阅读：

• 在 RHEL/CentOS 系统中使用 YUM 命令管理包
• 在 Fedora 系统中使用 DNF (YUM 的分支) 命令来管理包
• 命令行包管理器和用法列表
• Linux 包管理器的图形化工具

这可以在基于 RPM 的系统上完成，比如 RHEL, CentOS, OEL, Fedora 等。

• Fedora 系统使用 dnf config-manager [options] [section …]
• 其它基于 RPM 的系统使用 yum-config-manager [options] [section …]

如何列出启用的仓库

只需运行以下命令即可检查系统上启用的仓库列表。

对于 CentOS/RHEL/OLE 系统：

1. # yum repolist
2. Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
3. Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
4. repo id repo name status
5. base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706
6. extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53
7. updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,255
8. repolist: 8,014

对于 Fedora 系统：

1. # dnf repolist

如何在系统中添加一个新仓库

每个仓库通常都提供自己的 .repo 文件。要将此类仓库添加到系统中，使用 root 用户运行以下命令。在我们的例子中将添加 EPEL 仓库 和 IUS 社区仓库，见下文。

但是没有 .repo 文件可用于这些仓库。因此，我们使用以下方法进行安装。

对于 EPEL 仓库，因为它可以从 CentOS 额外仓库获得，所以运行以下命令来安装它。

1. # yum install epel-release -y

对于 IUS 社区仓库，运行以下 bash 脚本来安装。

1. # curl 'https://setup.ius.io/' -o setup-ius.sh
2. # sh setup-ius.sh

如果你有 .repo 文件，在 RHEL/CentOS/OEL 中，只需运行以下命令来添加一个仓库。

1. # yum-config-manager --add-repo http://www.example.com/example.repo
2.  
3. Loaded plugins: product-id, refresh-packagekit, subscription-manager
4. adding repo from: http://www.example.com/example.repo
5. grabbing file http://www.example.com/example.repo to /etc/yum.repos.d/example.repo
6. example.repo | 413 B 00:00
7. repo saved to /etc/yum.repos.d/example.repo

对于 Fedora 系统，运行以下命令来添加一个仓库：

1. # dnf config-manager --add-repo http://www.example.com/example.repo
2. adding repo from: http://www.example.com/example.repo

如果在添加这些仓库之后运行 yum repolist 命令，你就可以看到新添加的仓库了。Yes，我看到了。

注意：每当运行 yum repolist 命令时，该命令会自动从相应的仓库获取更新，并将缓存保存在本地系统中。

1. # yum repolist
2.  
3. Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
4. Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
5. epel/metalink | 6.1 kB 00:00
6. * epel: epel.mirror.constant.com
7. * ius: ius.mirror.constant.com
8. ius | 2.3 kB 00:00
9. repo id repo name status
10. base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706
11. epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 12,505
12. extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53
13. ius IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 390
14. updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,255
15. repolist: 20,909

每个仓库都有多个渠道，比如测试（Testing）、开发（Dev）和存档（Archive）等。通过导航到仓库文件位置，你可以更好地理解这一点。

1. # ls -lh /etc/yum.repos.d
2. total 64K
3. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Base.repo
4. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 647 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
5. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 289 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-fasttrack.repo
6. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 630 Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Media.repo
7. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 916 May 18 11:07 CentOS-SCLo-scl.repo
8. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 892 May 18 10:36 CentOS-SCLo-scl-rh.repo
9. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6.2K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Vault.repo
10. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.9K Apr 12 02:44 CentOS-Vault.repo.rpmnew
11. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 957 May 18 10:41 epel.repo
12. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.1K Nov 4 2012 epel-testing.repo
13. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-archive.repo
14. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-dev.repo
15. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.1K May 18 10:41 ius.repo
16. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2K Feb 23 2017 ius-testing.repo

如何在系统中启用一个仓库

当你在默认情况下添加一个新仓库时，它将启用它们的稳定仓库，这就是为什么我们在运行 yum repolist 命令时获取了仓库信息。在某些情况下，如果你希望启用它们的测试、开发或存档仓库，使用以下命令。另外，我们还可以使用此命令启用任何禁用的仓库。

为了验证这一点，我们将启用 epel-testing.repo，运行下面的命令：

1. # yum-config-manager --enable epel-testing
2.  
3. Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
4. ==================================================================================== repo: epel-testing =====================================================================================
5. [epel-testing]
6. bandwidth = 0
7. base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6
8. baseurl =
9. cache = 0
10. cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing
11. cost = 1000
12. enabled = 1
13. enablegroups = True
14. exclude =
15. failovermethod = priority
16. ftp_disable_epsv = False
17. gpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgcadir
18. gpgcakey =
19. gpgcheck = True
20. gpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgdir
21. gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6
22. hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/headers
23. http_caching = all
24. includepkgs =
25. keepalive = True
26. mdpolicy = group:primary
27. mediaid =
28. metadata_expire = 21600
29. metalink =
30. mirrorlist = https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=testing-epel6&arch=x86_64
31. mirrorlist_expire = 86400
32. name = Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64
33. old_base_cache_dir =
34. password =
35. persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing
36. pkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/packages
37. proxy = False
38. proxy_dict =
39. proxy_password =
40. proxy_username =
41. repo_gpgcheck = False
42. retries = 10
43. skip_if_unavailable = False
44. ssl_check_cert_permissions = True
45. sslcacert =
46. sslclientcert =
47. sslclientkey =
48. sslverify = True
49. throttle = 0
50. timeout = 30.0
51. username =

运行 yum repolist 命令来检查是否启用了 “epel-testing”。它被启用了，我可以从列表中看到它。

1. # yum repolist
2. Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
3. Determining fastest mirrors
4. epel/metalink | 18 kB 00:00
5. epel-testing/metalink | 17 kB 00:00
6. * epel: mirror.us.leaseweb.net
7. * epel-testing: mirror.us.leaseweb.net
8. * ius: mirror.team-cymru.com
9. base | 3.7 kB 00:00
10. centos-sclo-sclo | 2.9 kB 00:00
11. epel | 4.7 kB 00:00
12. epel/primary_db | 6.0 MB 00:00
13. epel-testing | 4.7 kB 00:00
14. epel-testing/primary_db | 368 kB 00:00
15. extras | 3.4 kB 00:00
16. ius | 2.3 kB 00:00
17. ius/primary_db | 216 kB 00:00
18. updates | 3.4 kB 00:00
19. updates/primary_db | 8.1 MB 00:00 ...
20. repo id repo name status
21. base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706
22. centos-sclo-sclo CentOS-6 - SCLo sclo 495
23. epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 12,509
24. epel-testing Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64 809
25. extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53
26. ius IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 390
27. updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,288
28. repolist: 22,250

如果你想同时启用多个仓库，使用以下格式。这个命令将启用 epel、epel-testing 和 ius 仓库：

1. # yum-config-manager --enable epel epel-testing ius

对于 Fedora 系统，运行下面的命令来启用仓库：

1. # dnf config-manager --set-enabled epel-testing

如何在系统中禁用一个仓库

无论何时你在默认情况下添加一个新的仓库，它都会启用它们的稳定仓库，这就是为什么我们在运行 yum repolist 命令时获取了仓库信息。如果你不想使用仓库，那么可以通过下面的命令来禁用它。

为了验证这点，我们将要禁用 epel-testing.repo 和 ius.repo，运行以下命令：

1. # yum-config-manager --disable epel-testing ius
2.  
3. Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
4. ==================================================================================== repo: epel-testing =====================================================================================
5. [epel-testing]
6. bandwidth = 0
7. base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6
8. baseurl =
9. cache = 0
10. cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing
11. cost = 1000
12. enabled = 0
13. enablegroups = True
14. exclude =
15. failovermethod = priority
16. ftp_disable_epsv = False
17. gpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgcadir
18. gpgcakey =
19. gpgcheck = True
20. gpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing/gpgdir
21. gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6
22. hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/headers
23. http_caching = all
24. includepkgs =
25. keepalive = True
26. mdpolicy = group:primary
27. mediaid =
28. metadata_expire = 21600
29. metalink =
30. mirrorlist = https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=testing-epel6&arch=x86_64
31. mirrorlist_expire = 86400
32. name = Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - Testing - x86_64
33. old_base_cache_dir =
34. password =
35. persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/epel-testing
36. pkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/epel-testing/packages
37. proxy = False
38. proxy_dict =
39. proxy_password =
40. proxy_username =
41. repo_gpgcheck = False
42. retries = 10
43. skip_if_unavailable = False
44. ssl_check_cert_permissions = True
45. sslcacert =
46. sslclientcert =
47. sslclientkey =
48. sslverify = True
49. throttle = 0
50. timeout = 30.0
51. username =
52.  
53. ========================================================================================= repo: ius =========================================================================================
54. [ius]
55. bandwidth = 0
56. base_persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6
57. baseurl =
58. cache = 0
59. cachedir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius
60. cost = 1000
61. enabled = 0
62. enablegroups = True
63. exclude =
64. failovermethod = priority
65. ftp_disable_epsv = False
66. gpgcadir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius/gpgcadir
67. gpgcakey =
68. gpgcheck = True
69. gpgdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius/gpgdir
70. gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/IUS-COMMUNITY-GPG-KEY
71. hdrdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius/headers
72. http_caching = all
73. includepkgs =
74. keepalive = True
75. mdpolicy = group:primary
76. mediaid =
77. metadata_expire = 21600
78. metalink =
79. mirrorlist = https://mirrors.iuscommunity.org/mirrorlist?repo=ius-centos6&arch=x86_64&protocol=http
80. mirrorlist_expire = 86400
81. name = IUS Community Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64
82. old_base_cache_dir =
83. password =
84. persistdir = /var/lib/yum/repos/x86_64/6/ius
85. pkgdir = /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6/ius/packages
86. proxy = False
87. proxy_dict =
88. proxy_password =
89. proxy_username =
90. repo_gpgcheck = False
91. retries = 10
92. skip_if_unavailable = False
93. ssl_check_cert_permissions = True
94. sslcacert =
95. sslclientcert =
96. sslclientkey =
97. sslverify = True
98. throttle = 0
99. timeout = 30.0
100. username =

运行 yum repolist 命令检查 “epel-testing” 和 “ius” 仓库是否被禁用。它被禁用了，我不能看到那些仓库，除了 “epel”。

1. # yum repolist
2. Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
3. Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
4. * epel: mirror.us.leaseweb.net
5. repo id repo name status
6. base CentOS-6 - Base 6,706
7. centos-sclo-sclo CentOS-6 - SCLo sclo 495
8. epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 12,505
9. extras CentOS-6 - Extras 53
10. updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,288
11. repolist: 21,051

或者，我们可以运行以下命令查看详细信息：

1. # yum repolist all | grep "epel*\|ius*"
2. * epel: mirror.steadfast.net
3. epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 enabled: 12,509
4. epel-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled
5. epel-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled
6. epel-testing Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled
7. epel-testing-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled
8. epel-testing-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 disabled
9. ius IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
10. ius-archive IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
11. ius-archive-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
12. ius-archive-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
13. ius-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
14. ius-dev IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
15. ius-dev-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
16. ius-dev-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
17. ius-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
18. ius-testing IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
19. ius-testing-debuginfo IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled
20. ius-testing-source IUS Community Packages for Enterprise disabled

对于 Fedora 系统，运行以下命令来启用一个仓库：

1. # dnf config-manager --set-disabled epel-testing

或者，可以通过手动编辑适当的 repo 文件来完成。为此，打开相应的 repo 文件并将值从 enabled=0 改为 enabled=1（启用仓库）或从 enabled=1 变为 enabled=0（禁用仓库）。

即从：

1. [epel]
2. name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch
3. #baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch
4. mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearch
5. failovermethod=priority
6. enabled=0
7. gpgcheck=1
8. gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6

改为：

1. [epel]
2. name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch
3. #baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch
4. mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearch
5. failovermethod=priority
6. enabled=1
7. gpgcheck=1
8. gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6