初识Cobbler自动安装Linux

Cobbler is a Linux installation server that allows for rapid setup of network installation environments. It glues together and automates many associated Linux tasks so you do not have to hop between many various commands and applications when deploying new systems, and, in some cases, changing existing ones. Cobbler can help with provisioning, managing DNS and DHCP, package updates, power management, configuration management orchestration, and much more.

cobbler官网：http://cobbler.github.io/

以上是官网给的介绍，用个人的话来说就是cobbler就是一款通过网络快速安装Linux操作系统的产品，cobbler可以配置，管理DNS和DHCP，包括软件包的更新，电源管理，配置管理流程等，类似于PXE+Kickstart。

环境介绍

HostName	IP	OS	Character
linux-node1.example.com	192.168.56.11	CentOS-7-x86_64	Cobbler服务端
linux-node2.example.com	192.168.56.12	CentOS-7 or CentOS-6.7	Cobbler客户端，一台创建好的空虚拟机，操作系统也没有安装

基础环境查看及初始化

基础环境查看

查看主机名

1 2	[root@linux-node1 ~]# hostname linux-node1.example.com

OS使用CentOS 7.2

1 2	[root@linux-node1 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)

内核版本

1 2	[root@linux-node1 ~]# uname -r 3.10.0-327.18.2.el7.x86_64

使用的用户

1 2	[root@linux-node1 ~]# whoami root

网卡信息

[root@linux-node1 ~]# ifconfig

eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500

inet 192.168.56.11 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.56.255

inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fec3:95b1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>

ether 00:0c:29:c3:95:b1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)

RX packets 150 bytes 48200 (47.0 KiB)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 88 bytes 15057 (14.7 KiB)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536

inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0

inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>

loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)

RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

网卡配置文件

[root@linux-node1 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

TYPE="Ethernet"

BOOTPROTO="static"

IPADDR=192.168.56.11

NETMASK=255.255.255.0

GATEWAY=192.168.56.2

DNS1=192.168.56.2

DEFROUTE="yes"

IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL="no"

IPV6INIT="yes"

IPV6_AUTOCONF="yes"

IPV6_DEFROUTE="yes"

IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL="no"

NAME="eth0"

UUID="e7355cf7-73c2-48bb-a2be-635040e76a52"

DEVICE="eth0"

ONBOOT="yes"

PEERDNS="yes"

PEERROUTES="yes"

IPV6_PEERDNS="yes"

IPV6_PEERROUTES="yes"

IPV6_PRIVACY="no"

初始化配置

关闭SElinux

[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/selinux/config

# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.

# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:

# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.

# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.

# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.

SELINUX=disabled

# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:

# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,

# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.

# mls - Multi Level Security protection.

SELINUXTYPE=targeted

关闭防火墙

1 2	[root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld [root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld

关闭postfix

1 2	[root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl stop postfix [root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl enable postfix

配置YUM源

[root@linux-node1 ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/

[root@linux-node1 yum.repos.d]# mkdir repo

[root@linux-node1 yum.repos.d]# mv * repo

mv: cannot move ‘repo’ to a subdirectory of itself, ‘repo/repo’

[root@linux-node1 yum.repos.d]# rpm -ivh http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.2.1511/os/x86_64/Packages/wget-1.14-10.el7_0.1.x86_64.rpm

[root@linux-node1 yum.repos.d]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo

[root@linux-node1 yum.repos.d]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo

重启系统

1	[root@linux-node1 yum.repos.d]# reboot

检查SElinux和防火墙是否已经关闭

[root@linux-node1 ~]# getenforce

Disabled

[root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl status firewalld

● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon

Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)

Active: inactive (dead)

安装Cobbler

yum安装Cobbler所需要的软件包

1	[root@linux-node1 ~]# yum install -y httpd dhcp tftp cobbler cobbler-web pykickstart

启动httpd和cobblerd

1 2	[root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl start httpd.service [root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl start cobblerd.service

验证服务是否启动

[root@linux-node1 ~]# netstat -tlnp

Active Internet connections (only servers)

Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1462/sshd

tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25151 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1778/python2

tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 1749/httpd

tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1462/sshd

tcp6 0 0 :::443 :::* LISTEN 1749/httpd

设置开机自启动

[root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl enable httpd.service

Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.

[root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl enable cobblerd.service

Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/cobblerd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/cobblerd.service.

配置Cobbler

获取cobbler的命令

[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile

usage

=====

cobbler profile add

cobbler profile copy

cobbler profile dumpvars

cobbler profile edit

cobbler profile find

cobbler profile getks

cobbler profile list

cobbler profile remove

cobbler profile rename

cobbler profile report

执行cobbler check查看cobbler所需要的配置

[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler check

The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:

1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.

2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.

3 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp

4 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.

5 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl

6 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories

7 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one

8 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them

Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

上面提示说我们需要解决以上的问题才可以继续使用cobbler，解决完以上问题之后使用'cobbler sync'应用更改，上面的问题分别是：

编辑/etc/cobbler/settings文件，找到server选项，修改为Cobbler服务器ip地址
编辑/etc/cobbler/settings文件，找到next_server选项，修改为PXE服务器的IP地址
编辑/etc/xinetd.d/tftp文件，将文件中的disable字段的配置由yes改为no
执行cobbler get-loaders，系统将自动下载loader程序
通过systemctl启动rsyncd.service服务
提示说debian的镜像包没有安装，如果你需要安装ubuntu的系统安装，否则就忽略
修改cobbler用户的默认密码，可以使用如下命令生成密码，并使用生成后的密码替换/etc/cobbler/settings中的密码。生成密码命令：openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'
没有找到电源管理工具，你可以安装cman or fence-agents to use them

修改next_server与server的地址

[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings

272 next_server: 192.168.56.11

384 server: 192.168.56.11

# 让cobbler管理DHCP服务

242 manage_dhcp: 1

启动tftp服务

[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp

disable = no

# xinetd为管理tftp的服务

[root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl restart xinetd

[root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl enable xinetd

下载loader程序

[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler get-loaders

task started: 2016-05-29_091733_get_loaders

task started (id=Download Bootloader Content, time=Sun May 29 09:17:33 2016)

downloading http://cobbler.github.io/loaders/README to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/README

downloading http://cobbler.github.io/loaders/COPYING.elilo to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/COPYING.elilo

downloading http://cobbler.github.io/loaders/COPYING.yaboot to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/COPYING.yaboot

downloading http://cobbler.github.io/loaders/COPYING.syslinux to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/COPYING.syslinux

downloading http://cobbler.github.io/loaders/elilo-3.8-ia64.efi to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/elilo-ia64.efi

downloading http://cobbler.github.io/loaders/yaboot-1.3.17 to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/yaboot

downloading http://cobbler.github.io/loaders/pxelinux.0-3.86 to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/pxelinux.0

downloading http://cobbler.github.io/loaders/menu.c32-3.86 to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/menu.c32

downloading http://cobbler.github.io/loaders/grub-0.97-x86.efi to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86.efi

downloading http://cobbler.github.io/loaders/grub-0.97-x86_64.efi to /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86_64.efi

*** TASK COMPLETE ***

修改默认的root密码

# darker是密码的盐 ansheng.me是root的密码

[root@linux-node1 ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt 'darker' 'ansheng.me'

$1$darker$.iq3o/C3..6QV.LPXqrE5.

[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings

# 复制上面生成的密码把之前的替换掉

101 default_password_crypted: "$1$darker$.iq3o/C3..6QV.LPXqrE5."

重启cobbler

1	[root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl restart cobblerd

重新检查

[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler check

The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:

1 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl

2 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories

3 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them

Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

上面的错误可以忽略

配置dhcp服务

# 子网

subnet 192.168.56.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {

option routers 192.168.56.2; # 网关

option domain-name-servers 192.168.56.2; # DNS

option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # 子网掩码

range dynamic-bootp 192.168.56.100 192.168.56.254; # 分配的IP地址池

default-lease-time 21600;

max-lease-time 43200;

next-server $next_server;

class "pxeclients" {

match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "PXEClient";

if option pxe-system-type = 00:02 {

filename "ia64/elilo.efi";

} else if option pxe-system-type = 00:06 {

filename "grub/grub-x86.efi";

} else if option pxe-system-type = 00:07 {

filename "grub/grub-x86_64.efi";

} else {

filename "pxelinux.0";

}

同步cobbler配置文件

1	[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync

创建镜像挂载点

[root@linux-node1 ~]# mkdir /mnt/CentOS-6

[root@linux-node1 ~]# mkdir /mnt/CentOS-7

[root@linux-node1 ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/CentOS-7

mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only

[root@linux-node1 ~]# mount /dev/sr1 /mnt/CentOS-6

mount: /dev/sr1 is write-protected, mounting read-only

导入镜像，就是把挂在的镜像复制一份到本地硬盘

1 2	[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler import --path=/mnt/CentOS-7 --name=CentOS-7-x86_64 --arch=x86_64 [root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler import --path=/mnt/CentOS-6 --name=CentOS-6-x86_64 --arch=x86_64

—path= 镜像路径
—name= 安装操作系统时出现的名称
—arch= 系统架构

导入镜像文件存放的目录

[root@linux-node1 ~]# cd /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/

[root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# pwd

/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror

[root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# ls

# CentOS-6-x86_64 CentOS-7-x86_64就是我们导入的镜像

CentOS-6-x86_64 CentOS-7-x86_64 config

查看已经导入的镜像

[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cobbler list

distros:

CentOS-6-x86_64

CentOS-7-x86_64

profiles:

CentOS-6-x86_64

CentOS-7-x86_64

systems:

repos:

images:

mgmtclasses:

packages:

files:

查看更详细的配置信息

1	[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cobbler profile report

查看某一个镜像的详细信息

1	[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7-x86_64

附上生产环境使用的CentOS-6-x86_64和CentOS-7-x86_64的ks文件：

CentOS-7-x86_64.cfg CentOS-6-x86_64.cfg

默认的ks文件存放目录

[root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/

[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# ls

default.ks install_profiles sample_autoyast.xml sample_esxi4.ks sample_old.seed

esxi4-ks.cfg legacy.ks sample_end.ks sample_esxi5.ks sample.seed

esxi5-ks.cfg pxerescue.ks sample_esx4.ks sample.ks

如果没有指定ks文件，那么默认使用sample_end.ks这个文件

上传上面的两个ks文件：

[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# rz -y

rz waiting to receive.

Starting zmodem transfer. Press Ctrl+C to cancel.

Transferring CentOS-6-x86_64.cfg...

100% 3 KB 3 KB/sec 00:00:01 0 Errors

Transferring CentOS-7-x86_64.cfg...

100% 1 KB 1 KB/sec 00:00:01 0 Errors

修改镜像默认的ks文件

1 2	[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7-x86_64.cfg [root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-6-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6-x86_64.cfg

查看修改之后的ks文件路径

[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cobbler profile report | grep "Kickstart"

Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7-x86_64.cfg

Kickstart Metadata : {}

Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-6-x86_64.cfg

Kickstart Metadata : {}

修改CentOS7镜像内核参数，让装完系统之后默认的网卡名称以eth0开始

1	[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'

查看添加的内核参数

[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7-x86_64 | grep "Kernel Options"

Kernel Options : {'biosdevname': '0', 'net.ifnames': '0'}

Kernel Options (Post Install) : {}

定制Cobbler系统安装界面

[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cd /etc/cobbler/pxe/

[root@linux-node1 pxe]# vim pxedefault.template

DEFAULT menu

PROMPT 0

# 提示的TITLE

MENU TITLE Darker | https://darker.io

TIMEOUT 200

TOTALTIMEOUT 6000

ONTIMEOUT $pxe_timeout_profile

LABEL local

MENU LABEL (local)

MENU DEFAULT

LOCALBOOT -1

$pxe_menu_items

MENU end

执行cobbler sync应用配置

1	[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cobbler sync

新建虚拟机并安装

用VMware Workstation新建一个虚拟机，然后启动，创建的虚拟机如下图：

automatically-cobbler-01

启动系统进入安装界面，选择安装的操作系统，这里我们选择CentOS-7，然后回车

automatically-cobbler-02

正在安装，安装完成后会自动重启

automatically-cobbler-03

安装完成之后输入我们设置的root密码，然后进入系统查看IP地址

automatically-cobbler-04

到此，一个简单的cobbler算是初步部署完成了，更强大的功能会在后几篇问战中介绍。

(责任编辑：IT)

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