apt-get build-dep 包名，这条命令用于在编译安装软件时，自动安装相关的编译环境。比如我要编译nginx，当然可以从网上找到需安装哪些库，用apt-get install XXXX XXXX XXXX ... 来进行安装。但是有时候装了一堆库，可能有几个是用不到的。而是用apt-get build-dep命令可以更好的管理这些库文件和编译环境。

先更新软件源列表：

apt-get update

以编译nginx为例，安装所需的编译环境：

apt-get build-dep nginx
 

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  autopoint autotools-dev binutils build-essential bzip2 cpp cpp-4.4 debhelper
  dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-4.4 gcc gcc-4.4 gettext git html2text intltool-debian
  libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl
  libc-dev-bin libc6-dev libcroco3 libcurl3-gnutls libdpkg-perl liberror-perl
  libgeoip-dev libglib2.0-0 libglib2.0-data libgmp3c2 libgomp1 libmail-sendmail-perl
  libmpfr4 libpcre3-dev libpcrecpp0 libssl-dev libstdc++6-4.4-dev
  libsys-hostname-long-perl libtimedate-perl libunistring0 linux-libc-dev make
  manpages-dev po-debconf rsync shared-mime-info zlib1g-dev
The following packages will be upgraded:
  libc-bin libc6 libc6-i686 libc6-xen libssl0.9.8
5 upgraded, 48 newly installed, 0 to remove and 54 not upgraded.
Need to get 52.7 MB of archives.
After this operation, 122 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? Y
...

由于关系包有很多，如果想卸载可以在安装前先记录下build-dep安装的包：

apt-get build-dep nginx | tee nginx-build-dep.txt

Debian系统可以用Deborphan清理没有被依赖的软件包：

apt-get install deborphan

查找没有被依赖的软件包：

deborphan -sPz

删除找到的包：

apt-get autoremove `deborphan`

参考资料：
http://wiki.linux.org.hk/w/Deborphan