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众所周知，chroot下linux系统的一个安全机制，chroot是linux内核的一个系统调用，通过它，可以设定应用软件的运行环境，让应用软件运行在一个特定目录下，这样，即使应用软件有安全漏洞，被入侵，入侵者也被限制在一个特定的目录，从面限制了入侵者的破坏范围。加固了系统的安全性。本文以tomcat为例，详细记录了tomcat以chroot的方式运行的配置过程，也记录配置过程中的出错及排错方法。
环境及工具：系统64位的CentOS6.4、dk为jdk-7u45-linux-x64.tar.gz、apache-tomcat-6.0.41.tar.gz
一、配置java chroot环境 1、先配置jdk，这次配置使用的是 jdk-7u45-linux-x64.tar.gz tar zxvf jdk-7u45-linux-x64.tar.gz mkdir /usr/java cp -a jdk1.7.0_45 /usr/java/ [root@2core local]# /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/bin/java -version java version "1.7.0_45" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_45-b18) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.45-b08, mixed mode)
jdk可以正常启动
2、配置jdk chroot 我选算了 /chroot为 tomcat的根目录 #D=/chroot #mkdir -p $D #cd $D mkdir -p lib lib64 etc tmp dev usr chmod 755 etc dev usr chmod 1777 tmp cp -a /etc/hosts etc/hosts
为了chroot的环境更接近实际的系统根目录，还需要一个特殊的目录，如果无这些目录，将来可能会报错 mkdir -p /chroot/dev/pts cd /dev ./MAKEDEV -d /chroot/dev null radom urandom zero loop* log console cp MAKEDEV /chroot/dev cp -a /dev/shm /chroot/dev
[root@2core local]# ldd /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/bin/java linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fffeafd0000) libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f3a58efd000) libjli.so => /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/bin/../lib/amd64/jli/libjli.so (0x00007f3a58ce5000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f3a58ae1000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f3a5874e000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f3a59123000) 把上面几个库文件复制到/chroot/lib64/目录下 [root@2core local]# ls /chroot/lib64/ ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 libc.so.6 libdl.so.2 libpthread.so.0
[root@2core local]# rm -rf /chroot/usr/java/ [root@2core local]# mkdir /chroot/usr/java [root@2core local]# cp -a /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45 /chroot/usr/java/ [root@2core local]# ls /chroot/usr/java/ jdk1.7.0_45
以chroot方式运行java, [root@2core local]# chroot /chroot /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/bin/java /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/bin/java: error while loading shared libraries: libjli.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory 有报错，根据错误可以是缺少相应的库文件，只要把这些文件复制过来就OK了 [root@2core local]# find / -name libjli.so /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/jre/lib/amd64/jli/libjli.so /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/lib/amd64/jli/libjli.so /usr/local/jdk1.7.0_45/jre/lib/amd64/jli/libjli.so /usr/local/jdk1.7.0_45/lib/amd64/jli/libjli.so /chroot/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/jre/lib/amd64/jli/libjli.so /chroot/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/lib/amd64/jli/libjli.so [root@2core local]# cp /chroot/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/lib/amd64/jli/libjli.so /chroot/lib64/
[root@2core local]# chroot /chroot /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/bin/java -version Error: dl failure on line 863 Error: failed /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/jre/lib/amd64/server/libjvm.so, because libm.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory [root@2core local]# [root@2core local]# [root@2core local]# find / -name libm.so.6 /lib64/libm.so.6 [root@2core local]# cp /lib64/libm.so.6 /chroot/lib64/ [root@2core local]# chroot /chroot /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/bin/java -version Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM warning: Can't detect initial thread stack location - find_vma failed java version "1.7.0_45" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_45-b18) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.45-b08, mixed mode)
这样，可以正常启动java了，但还是有一个警告信息，这是因为jave检测不到相关进程引起的，而linux系统的进程信息是存放在/proc这个目录的，因些，我们还要在/chroot下挂载这个特殊的目录，方法如下
[root@2core local]# mkdir /chroot/proc [root@2core local]# mount -t proc proc /chroot/proc [root@2core local]# chroot /chroot /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/bin/java -version java version "1.7.0_45" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_45-b18) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.45-b08, mixed mode)
至此，jdk才算完成配置，这时，让我们查看一下启动JDK需要用到下面几个库，需要注意的是，库文件的位置及名字有可能在不同的版本系统中有差别，但一般都可以根据相关的报错信息，找到相应库文件，并复制过来就OK了 [root@2core local]# ls /chroot/lib64/ ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 libc.so.6 libdl.so.2 libjli.so libm.so.6 libpthread.so.0
二、以下开始配置tomcat了，把tomcat将在/chroot/usr/local这个目录下运行 [root@2core local]# mkdir /chroot/usr/local [root@2core local]# mv apache-tomcat-6.0.41-src /chroot/usr/local/tomcat
[root@2core local]# chroot /chroot /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start chroot: failed to run command `/usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh': Permission denied
[root@2core local]# ls /chroot/usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh -al -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 17717 5月 19 18:51 /chroot/usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh
[root@2core local]# chmod 755 /chroot/usr/local [root@2core local]# chmod 755 /chroot/usr/local/tomcat/bin/*.sh [root@2core local]# chroot /chroot /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start chroot: failed to run command `/usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh': No such file or directory 再次[root@2core local]# strace chroot /chroot /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start 留意末部信息 execve("/usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh", ["/usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.s"..., "start"], [/* 25 vars */]) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/locale.alias", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh_CN.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh_CN.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) write(2, "chroot: ", 8chroot: ) = 8 write(2, "failed to run command `/usr/loca"..., 57failed to run command `/usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh') = 57 open("/usr/share/locale/zh_CN.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh_CN.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/zh/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) write(2, ": No such file or directory", 27: No such file or directory) = 27 write(2, "\n", 1 ) = 1 close(1) = 0 close(2) = 0 exit_group(127) = ?
因为启动tomcat的是一个shell的脚本，因此，在chroot里还需要一个运行bash shell的环境
[root@2core local]# cd /chroot/ [root@2core chroot]# mkdir -p bin [root@2core chroot]# cp /bin/bash bin/ [root@2core chroot]# ln -s /bin/bash bin/sh [root@2core chroot]# cd lib64 [root@2core lib64]# pwd /chroot/lib64 [root@2core lib64]# ldd /bin/bash linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff2536e000) libtinfo.so.5 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 (0x00007f0c47bb5000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f0c479b1000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f0c4761d000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f0c47ddf000) [root@2core lib64]# cp /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 /chroot/lib64/ [root@2core lib64]# cp /lib64/libdl.so.2 /chroot/lib64/ cp：是否覆盖"/chroot/lib64/libdl.so.2"？ n [root@2core lib64]# cp /lib64/libc.so.6 /chroot/lib64/ cp：是否覆盖"/chroot/lib64/libc.so.6"？ n [root@2core lib64]# cp /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /chroot/lib64/ cp：是否覆盖"/chroot/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2"？ n 测试 bash是否可以在chroot下正常运行,由于这前已经复制部分的库，所以会提示是否覆盖 [root@2core lib64]# chroot /chroot /bin/bash bash-4.1# pwd / 注意，这时的bash shell提示符已经改变了，这说明已经可以在chroot下正常启动bash了 bash-4.1# ls bash: ls: command not found bash-4.1# exit exit [root@2core lib64]# 再次启动tomcat,报错的内容已经不一样了，报错的内容很详细，就是有几个命令找不到，那么，我们把这些命令及相应的库复制到chroot的相应目录即可 [root@2core lib64]# chroot /chroot /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh: line 89: uname: command not found /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh: line 109: dirname: command not found Cannot find //bin/setclasspath.sh This file is needed to run this program [root@2core lib64]#
[root@2core lib64]# cp /bin/uname /chroot/bin/ [root@2core lib64]# mkdir - /chroot/usr/bin [root@2core lib64]# cp /usr/bin/dirname /chroot/usr/bin/ [root@2core lib64]# ldd /bin/uname linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff4b5ff000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fcfde5b8000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fcfde954000) [root@2core lib64]# ldd /usr/bin/dirname linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fffb93ea000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f8ad0266000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f8ad0602000) [root@2core lib64]# ls /chroot/lib64 - ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 libc.so.6 libdl.so.2 libjli.so libm.so.6 libpthread.so.0 libtinfo.so.5 相关的库之前已经复制了，所以，这里就不需要再复制，再次运行comcat [root@2core lib64]# chroot /chroot /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start Neither the JAVA_HOME nor the JRE_HOME environment variable is defined At least one of these environment variable is needed to run this program [root@2core lib64]# 这次报错的是环境变量的问题，把变量加进去限可，我们先看看catalina.sh这个文件，里面调用了setclasspath.sh 而报错的内容便在setclasspath.sh脚本里。因此，我在setclasspath.sh设置JAVA_HOME变量 [root@2core bin]# vi /chroot/usr/local/tomcat/bin/setclasspath.sh
# Make sure prerequisite environment variables are set export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45 export JRE_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/jre if [ -z "$JAVA_HOME" -a -z "$JRE_HOME" ]; then if $darwin; then # Bugzilla 54390 if [ -x '/usr/libexec/java_home' ] ; then export JAVA_HOME=`/usr/libexec/java_home` # Bugzilla 37284 (reviewed). elif [ -d "/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Versions/CurrentJDK/Home" ]; then export JAVA_HOME="/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Versions/CurrentJDK/Home" fi else JAVA_PATH=`which java 2>/dev/null` if [ "x$JAVA_PATH" != "x" ]; then JAVA_PATH=`dirname $JAVA_PATH 2>/dev/null` JRE_HOME=`dirname $JAVA_PATH 2>/dev/null` fi if [ "x$JRE_HOME" = "x" ]; then # XXX: Should we try other locations? if [ -x /usr/bin/java ]; then JRE_HOME=/usr fi fi fi if [ -z "$JAVA_HOME" -a -z "$JRE_HOME" ]; then echo "Neither the JAVA_HOME nor the JRE_HOME environment variable is defined" echo "At least one of these environment variable is needed to run this program" exit 1 fi fi "setclasspath.sh" 119L, 4252C written
再次运行，还是出错，但已经接近成功了， [root@2core bin]# chroot /chroot /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh: line 193: tty: command not found Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/jre Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh: line 354: touch: command not found /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh: line 371: /usr/local/tomcat/logs/catalina.out: No such file or directory 报错还是由相关系统命令调用及文件权限的引用的，打它复制过来 [root@2core bin]# cp /bin/touch /chroot/bin/ [root@2core bin]# ldd /bin/touch linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff9343f000) librt.so.1 => /lib64/librt.so.1 (0x00007fbd55ccc000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fbd55939000) libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007fbd5571b000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fbd55edd000) [root@2core bin]# cp /lib64/librt.so.1 /chroot/lib64/
[root@2core bin]# mkdir /chroot/usr/local/tomcat/logs [root@2core bin]# chmod 666 /chroot/usr/local/tomcat/logs [root@2core bin]#
[root@2core bin]# chroot /chroot /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh: line 193: tty: command not found Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/jre Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar
把tty这个程序复制过来 [root@2core bin]# cp /usr/bin/tty /chroot/usr/bin/ [root@2core bin]# ldd /usr/bin/tty linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff1f5ff000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f82f2cd9000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f82f3075000)
[root@2core bin]# chroot /chroot /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/jre Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar
终于无报错了，大功造成了？怎么回事，java 进程还是起不来 [root@2core bin]# ps auxf|grep java root 1449 0.0 0.0 103240 852 pts/1 S+ 11:46 0:00 \_ grep java 查看下了上tomcat的日志 [root@2core local]# more /chroot/usr/local/tomcat/logs/catalina.out Error: Could not find or load main class org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap [root@2core local]# ls /chroot/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar ls: 无法访问/chroot/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar: 没有那个文件或目录 原来是这个包缺少一个文件 重新从官方网站下载了一个完整的包，解压 #wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/tomcat/tomcat-6/v6.0.41/bin/apache-tomcat-6.0.41.tar.gz [root@2core local]# cd /chroot/usr/local/ [root@2core local]# ls tomcat [root@2core local]# mv tomcat tomcat.bak [root@2core local]# mv /usr/local/apache-tomcat-6.0.41 ./tomcat 并在/chroot/usr/local/tomcat/bin/setclasspath.sh加入环境变量 [root@2core bin]# vi /chroot/usr/local/tomcat/bin/setclasspath.sh
# Make sure prerequisite environment variables are set export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45 export JRE_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/jre 再次运行 [root@2core local]# chroot /chroot /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/jre Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar [root@2core local]# ps auxf|grep java root 8220 0.0 0.0 103240 852 pts/0 S+ 10:19 0:00 \_ grep java root 8201 179 6.7 1443396 68980 pts/0 Sl 10:19 0:05 /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45/jre/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djava.endorsed.dirs=/usr/local/tomcat/endorsed -classpath /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar -Dcatalina.base=/usr/local/tomcat -Dcatalina.home=/usr/local/tomcat -Djava.io.tmpdir=/usr/local/tomcat/temp org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start
终于成功了！把iptables的TCP8080端口打开，便可以通过http://ip:8080访问了 (责任编辑：IT) |