前言:本文是我撰写的关于搭建“Nginx + PHP(FastCGI)”Web服务器的第6篇文章。本系列文章作为国内最早详细介绍 Nginx + PHP 安装、配置、使用的资料之一,为推动 Nginx 在国内的发展产生了积极的作用。本文可能不断更新小版本,请记住原文链接“http://blog.zyan.cc/nginx_php_v6/”,获取最新内容。第6篇文章主要介绍了Nginx 0.8.x新的平滑重启方式,将PHP升级到了5.2.14,修正了PEAR问题。另将MySQL 5.1.x升级到了5.5.x系列,配置文件变更较大。 链接:《2007年9月的第1版》、《2007年12月的第2版》、《2008年6月的第3版》、《2008年8月的第4版》、《2009年5月的第5版》 Nginx ("engine x") 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器,也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 为俄罗斯访问量第二的 Rambler.ru 站点开发的,它已经在该站点运行超过三年了。Igor 将源代码以类BSD许可证的形式发布。 Nginx 超越 Apache 的高性能和稳定性,使得国内使用 Nginx 作为 Web 服务器的网站也越来越多,其中包括新浪博客、新浪播客、网易新闻、腾讯网、搜狐博客等门户网站频道,六间房、56.com等视频分享网站,Discuz!官方论坛、水木社区等知名论坛,盛大在线、金山逍遥网等网络游戏网站,豆瓣、人人网、YUPOO相册、金山爱词霸、迅雷在线等新兴Web 2.0网站。 Nginx 的官方中文维基:http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxChs 在高并发连接的情况下,Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果,Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数,相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍。 根据我的经验,4GB内存的服务器+Apache(prefork模式)一般只能处理3000个并发连接,因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存,还得为系统预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器,因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000,当Apache并发连接数达到3800时,导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。 而这台 Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下,开启的10个Nginx进程消耗150M内存(15M*10=150M),开启的64个php-cgi进程消耗1280M内存(20M*64=1280M),加上系统自身消耗的内存,总共消耗不到2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小,完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程,这样php-cgi消耗的总内存数才500M。 在3万并发连接下,访问Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服务器的PHP程序,仍然速度飞快。下图为Nginx的状态监控页面,显示的活动连接数为28457(关于Nginx的监控页配置,会在本文接下来所给出的Nginx配置文件中写明): 我生产环境下的两台Nginx + PHP5(FastCGI)服务器,跑多个一般复杂的纯PHP动态程序,单台Nginx + PHP5(FastCGI)服务器跑PHP动态程序的处理能力已经超过“700次请求/秒”,相当于每天可以承受6000万(700*60*60*24=60480000)的访问量(更多信息见此),而服务器的系统负载也不高: 2009年9月3日下午2:30,金山游戏《剑侠情缘网络版叁》临时维护1小时(http://kefu.xoyo.com/gonggao/jx3/2009-09-03/750438.shtml),大量玩家上官网,论坛、评论、客服等动态应用Nginx服务器集群,每台服务器的Nginx活动连接数达到2.8万,这是笔者遇到的Nginx生产环境最高并发值。 下面是用100个并发连接分别去压生产环境中同一负载均衡器VIP下、提供相同服务的两台服务器,一台为Nginx,另一台为Apache,Nginx每秒处理的请求数是Apache的两倍多,Nginx服务器的系统负载、CPU使用率远低于Apache: 你可以将连接数开到10000~30000,去压Nginx和Apache上的phpinfo.php,这是用浏览器访问Nginx上的phpinfo.php一切正常,而访问Apache服务器的phpinfo.php,则是该页无法显示。4G内存的服务器,即使再优化,Apache也很难在“webbench -c 30000 -t 60 http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/phpinfo.php”的压力情况下正常访问,而调整参数优化后的Nginx可以。 webbench 下载地址:http://blog.zyan.cc/post/288/ 注意:webbench 做压力测试时,该软件自身也会消耗CPU和内存资源,为了测试准确,请将 webbench 安装在别的服务器上。 测试结果:##### Nginx + PHP #####
引用
[root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php
Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5 Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software. Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php 100 clients, running 30 sec. Speed=102450 pages/min, 16490596 bytes/sec. Requests: 51225 susceed, 0 failed. top - 14:06:13 up 27 days, 2:25, 2 users, load average: 14.57, 9.89, 6.51 Tasks: 287 total, 4 running, 283 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 49.9% us, 6.7% sy, 0.0% ni, 41.4% id, 1.1% wa, 0.1% hi, 0.8% si Mem: 6230016k total, 2959468k used, 3270548k free, 635992k buffers Swap: 2031608k total, 3696k used, 2027912k free, 1231444k cached 测试结果:##### Apache + PHP #####
引用
[root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php
Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5 Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software. Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php 100 clients, running 30 sec. Speed=42184 pages/min, 31512914 bytes/sec. Requests: 21092 susceed, 0 failed. top - 14:06:20 up 27 days, 2:13, 2 users, load average: 62.15, 26.36, 13.42 Tasks: 318 total, 7 running, 310 sleeping, 0 stopped, 1 zombie Cpu(s): 80.4% us, 10.6% sy, 0.0% ni, 7.9% id, 0.1% wa, 0.1% hi, 0.9% si Mem: 6230016k total, 3075948k used, 3154068k free, 379896k buffers Swap: 2031608k total, 12592k used, 2019016k free, 1117868k cached 为什么Nginx的性能要比Apache高得多?这得益于Nginx使用了最新的epoll(Linux 2.6内核)和kqueue(freebsd)网络I/O模型,而Apache则使用的是传统的select模型。目前Linux下能够承受高并发访问的Squid、Memcached都采用的是epoll网络I/O模型。 处理大量的连接的读写,Apache所采用的select网络I/O模型非常低效。下面用一个比喻来解析Apache采用的select模型和Nginx采用的epoll模型进行之间的区别: 假设你在大学读书,住的宿舍楼有很多间房间,你的朋友要来找你。select版宿管大妈就会带着你的朋友挨个房间去找,直到找到你为止。而epoll版宿管大妈会先记下每位同学的房间号,你的朋友来时,只需告诉你的朋友你住在哪个房间即可,不用亲自带着你的朋友满大楼找人。如果来了10000个人,都要找自己住这栋楼的同学时,select版和epoll版宿管大妈,谁的效率更高,不言自明。同理,在高并发服务器中,轮询I/O是最耗时间的操作之一,select和epoll的性能谁的性能更高,同样十分明了。 安装步骤: (系统要求:Linux 2.6+ 内核,本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 5.3,另在RedHat AS4上也安装成功) 一、获取相关开源程序: 1、【适用CentOS操作系统】利用CentOS Linux系统自带的yum命令安装、升级所需的程序库(RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包,进行安装):
sudo -s
LANG=C yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers 2、【适用RedHat操作系统】RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包(事先可通过类似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的RPM包是否存在,通常是“xxx-devel”不存在,需要安装)。RedHat可以直接利用CentOS的RPM包安装,以下是RPM包下载网址: ①、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4 http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/i386/CentOS/RPMS/ http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/ ②、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5 http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/ http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/x86_64/CentOS/ ③、RPM包搜索网站 http://rpm.pbone.net/ http://www.rpmfind.net/ ④、RedHat AS4 系统环境,通常情况下缺少的支持包安装: Ⅰ、i386 系统
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm Ⅱ、x86_64 系统
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm 3、【适用CentOS、RedHat及其它Linux操作系统】下载程序源码包: 本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2010年07月26日的最新稳定版。 ①、从软件的官方网站下载:
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.14.tar.gz/from/this/mirror wget http://php-fpm.org/downloads/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz/from/http://mysql.he.net/ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0" wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0" wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.5.tgz wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0" wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz wget http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.6.1/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2 wget http://pecl.php.net/get/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz wget http://pecl.php.net/get/imagick-2.3.0.tgz ②、从blog.zyan.cc下载(比较稳定,只允许在本站,或者在Linux/Unix下通过Wget、Curl等命令下载以下软件):
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/php/php-5.2.14.tar.gz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/phpfpm/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/mysql/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/memcache/memcache-2.2.5.tgz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/eaccelerator/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2 wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/pdo/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/imagick-2.3.0.tgz 二、安装PHP 5.2.14(FastCGI模式) 1、编译安装PHP 5.2.14所需的支持库:
tar zxvf libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz
cd libiconv-1.13.1/ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local make make install cd ../ tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/ ./configure make make install /sbin/ldconfig cd libltdl/ ./configure --enable-ltdl-install make make install cd ../../ tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz cd mhash-0.9.9.9/ ./configure make make install cd ../ ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2 ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 ln -s /usr/local/bin/libmcrypt-config /usr/bin/libmcrypt-config tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz cd mcrypt-2.6.8/ /sbin/ldconfig ./configure make make install cd ../ 2、编译安装MySQL 5.5.3-m3
/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql tar zxvf mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz cd mysql-5.5.3-m3/ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile --with-plugins=partition,innobase,myisammrg make && make install chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql cd ../ 附:以下为附加步骤,如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库,则执行以下几步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库,能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库,那么,以下两步无需执行。 ①、创建MySQL数据库存放目录
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/data/
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/ mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/ chown -R mysql:mysql /data0/mysql/ ②、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表:
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/data0/mysql/3306/data --user=mysql
③、创建my.cnf配置文件:
vi /data0/mysql/3306/my.cnf
输入以下内容:
引用
[client]
character-set-server = utf8 port = 3306 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock [mysqld] character-set-server = utf8 replicate-ignore-db = mysql replicate-ignore-db = test replicate-ignore-db = information_schema user = mysql port = 3306 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock basedir = /usr/local/webserver/mysql datadir = /data0/mysql/3306/data log-error = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql_error.log pid-file = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql.pid open_files_limit = 10240 back_log = 600 max_connections = 5000 max_connect_errors = 6000 table_cache = 614 external-locking = FALSE max_allowed_packet = 32M sort_buffer_size = 1M join_buffer_size = 1M thread_cache_size = 300 #thread_concurrency = 8 query_cache_size = 512M query_cache_limit = 2M query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k default-storage-engine = MyISAM thread_stack = 192K transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED tmp_table_size = 246M max_heap_table_size = 246M long_query_time = 3 log-slave-updates log-bin = /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/binlog binlog_cache_size = 4M binlog_format = MIXED max_binlog_cache_size = 8M max_binlog_size = 1G relay-log-index = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog relay-log-info-file = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog relay-log = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog expire_logs_days = 30 key_buffer_size = 256M read_buffer_size = 1M read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G myisam_repair_threads = 1 myisam_recover interactive_timeout = 120 wait_timeout = 120 skip-name-resolve #master-connect-retry = 10 slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396 #master-host = 192.168.1.2 #master-user = username #master-password = password #master-port = 3306 server-id = 1 innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:256M:autoextend innodb_file_io_threads = 4 innodb_thread_concurrency = 8 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2 innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M innodb_log_file_size = 128M innodb_log_files_in_group = 3 innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90 innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120 innodb_file_per_table = 0 #log-slow-queries = /data0/mysql/3306/slow.log #long_query_time = 10 [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet = 32M ④、创建管理MySQL数据库的shell脚本:
vi /data0/mysql/3306/mysql
输入以下内容(这里的用户名admin和密码12345678接下来的步骤会创建):
#!/bin/sh
mysql_port=3306 mysql_username="admin" mysql_password="12345678" function_start_mysql() { printf "Starting MySQL...\n" /bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/my.cnf 2>&1 > /dev/null & } function_stop_mysql() { printf "Stoping MySQL...\n" /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_username} -p${mysql_password} -S /tmp/mysql.sock shutdown } function_restart_mysql() { printf "Restarting MySQL...\n" function_stop_mysql sleep 5 function_start_mysql } function_kill_mysql() { kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'bin/mysqld_safe' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}') kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'libexec/mysqld' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}') } if [ "$1" = "start" ]; then function_start_mysql elif [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then function_stop_mysql elif [ "$1" = "restart" ]; then function_restart_mysql elif [ "$1" = "kill" ]; then function_kill_mysql else printf "Usage: /data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/mysql {start|stop|restart|kill}\n" fi ⑤、赋予shell脚本可执行权限:
chmod +x /data0/mysql/3306/mysql
⑥、启动MySQL:
/data0/mysql/3306/mysql start
⑦、通过命令行登录管理MySQL服务器(提示输入密码时直接回车):
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql -u root -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock
⑧、输入以下SQL语句,创建一个具有root权限的用户(admin)和密码(12345678):
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678'; ⑨、(可选)停止MySQL:
/data0/mysql/3306/mysql stop
3、编译安装PHP(FastCGI模式)
tar zxvf php-5.2.14.tar.gz
gzip -cd php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.14 -p1 cd php-5.2.14/ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl --with-mhash --enable-pcntl --enable-sockets --with-ldap --with-ldap-sasl --with-xmlrpc --enable-zip --enable-soap make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS='-liconv' make install cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini cd ../ 4、编译安装PHP5扩展模块
tar zxvf memcache-2.2.5.tgz
cd memcache-2.2.5/ /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config make make install cd ../ tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2 cd eaccelerator-0.9.6.1/ /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize ./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config make make install cd ../ tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/ /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql make make install cd ../ tar zxvf ImageMagick.tar.gz cd ImageMagick-6.5.1-2/ ./configure make make install cd ../ tar zxvf imagick-2.3.0.tgz cd imagick-2.3.0/ /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config make make install cd ../ 5、修改php.ini文件 手工修改:查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./" 修改为extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/" 并在此行后增加以下几行,然后保存: extension = "memcache.so" extension = "pdo_mysql.so" extension = "imagick.so" 再查找output_buffering = Off 修改为output_buffering = On 再查找; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0 修改为cgi.fix_pathinfo=0,防止Nginx文件类型错误解析漏洞。 自动修改:若嫌手工修改麻烦,可执行以下shell命令,自动完成对php.ini文件的修改:
sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\nextension = "pdo_mysql.so"\nextension = "imagick.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini sed -i "s#; always_populate_raw_post_data = On#always_populate_raw_post_data = On#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini sed -i "s#; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini 6、配置eAccelerator加速PHP:
mkdir -p /usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini 按shift+g键跳到配置文件的最末尾,加上以下配置信息:
引用
[eaccelerator]
zend_extension="/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so" eaccelerator.shm_size="64" eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache" eaccelerator.enable="1" eaccelerator.optimizer="1" eaccelerator.check_mtime="1" eaccelerator.debug="0" eaccelerator.filter="" eaccelerator.shm_max="0" eaccelerator.shm_ttl="3600" eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="3600" eaccelerator.shm_only="0" eaccelerator.compress="1" eaccelerator.compress_level="9" 7、创建www用户和组,以及供blog.zyan.cc和www.zyan.cc两个虚拟主机使用的目录:
/usr/sbin/groupadd www
/usr/sbin/useradd -g www www mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www 8、创建php-fpm配置文件(php-fpm是为PHP打的一个FastCGI管理补丁,可以平滑变更php.ini配置而无需重启php-cgi): 在/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/目录中创建php-fpm.conf文件:
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf 输入以下内容(如果您安装 Nginx + PHP 用于程序调试,请将以下的<value name="display_errors">0</value>改为<value name="display_errors">1</value>,以便显示PHP错误信息,否则,Nginx 会报状态为500的空白错误页):
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
9、启动php-cgi进程,监听127.0.0.1的9000端口,进程数为128(如果服务器内存小于3GB,可以只开启64个进程),用户为www:<configuration> All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix <section name="global_options"> Pid file <value name="pid_file">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid</value> Error log file <value name="error_log">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log</value> Log level <value name="log_level">notice</value> When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ... <value name="emergency_restart_threshold">10</value> ... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated. Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory. <value name="emergency_restart_interval">1m</value> Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master <value name="process_control_timeout">5s</value> Set to 'no' to debug fpm <value name="daemonize">yes</value> </section> <workers> <section name="pool"> Name of pool. Used in logs and stats. <value name="name">default</value> Address to accept fastcgi requests on. Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket' <value name="listen_address">127.0.0.1:9000</value> <value name="listen_options"> Set listen(2) backlog <value name="backlog">-1</value> Set permissions for unix socket, if one used. In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server. Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions. <value name="owner"></value> <value name="group"></value> <value name="mode">0666</value> </value> Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers. <value name="php_defines"> <value name="sendmail_path">/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i</value> <value name="display_errors">0</value> </value> Unix user of processes <value name="user">www</value> Unix group of processes <value name="group">www</value> Process manager settings <value name="pm"> Sets style of controling worker process count. Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like' <value name="style">static</value> Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served. Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive. Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi Used with any pm_style. <value name="max_children">128</value> Settings group for 'apache-like' pm style <value name="apache_like"> Sets the number of server processes created on startup. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected <value name="StartServers">20</value> Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected <value name="MinSpareServers">5</value> Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected <value name="MaxSpareServers">35</value> </value> </value> The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason '0s' means 'off' <value name="request_terminate_timeout">0s</value> The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file '0s' means 'off' <value name="request_slowlog_timeout">0s</value> The log file for slow requests <value name="slowlog">logs/slow.log</value> Set open file desc rlimit <value name="rlimit_files">65535</value> Set max core size rlimit <value name="rlimit_core">0</value> Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute path <value name="chroot"></value> Chdir to this directory at the start, absolute path <value name="chdir"></value> Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log. If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs <value name="catch_workers_output">yes</value> How much requests each process should execute before respawn. Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries. For endless request processing please specify 0 Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS <value name="max_requests">1024</value> Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect. Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+) Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket. <value name="allowed_clients">127.0.0.1</value> Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment <value name="environment"> <value name="HOSTNAME">$HOSTNAME</value> <value name="PATH">/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin</value> <value name="TMP">/tmp</value> <value name="TMPDIR">/tmp</value> <value name="TEMP">/tmp</value> <value name="OSTYPE">$OSTYPE</value> <value name="MACHTYPE">$MACHTYPE</value> <value name="MALLOC_CHECK_">2</value> </value> </section> </workers> </configuration>
ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start 注:/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm还有其他参数,包括:start|stop|quit|restart|reload|logrotate,修改php.ini后不重启php-cgi,重新加载配置文件使用reload。 三、安装Nginx 0.8.46 1、安装Nginx所需的pcre库:
tar zxvf pcre-8.10.tar.gz
cd pcre-8.10/ ./configure make && make install cd ../ 2、安装Nginx
tar zxvf nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.8.46/ ./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module make && make install cd ../ 3、创建Nginx日志目录
mkdir -p /data1/logs
chmod +w /data1/logs chown -R www:www /data1/logs 4、创建Nginx配置文件 ①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建nginx.conf文件:
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf 输入以下内容:
引用
user www www;
worker_processes 8; error_log /data1/logs/nginx_error.log crit; pid /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid; #Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process. worker_rlimit_nofile 65535; events { use epoll; worker_connections 65535; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; #charset gb2312; server_names_hash_bucket_size 128; client_header_buffer_size 32k; large_client_header_buffers 4 32k; client_max_body_size 8m; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; keepalive_timeout 60; tcp_nodelay on; fastcgi_connect_timeout 300; fastcgi_send_timeout 300; fastcgi_read_timeout 300; fastcgi_buffer_size 64k; fastcgi_buffers 4 64k; fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k; fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k; gzip on; gzip_min_length 1k; gzip_buffers 4 16k; gzip_http_version 1.0; gzip_comp_level 2; gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml; gzip_vary on; #limit_zone crawler $binary_remote_addr 10m; server { listen 80; server_name blog.zyan.cc; index index.html index.htm index.php; root /data0/htdocs/blog; #limit_conn crawler 20; location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$ { #fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; include fcgi.conf; } location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$ { expires 30d; } location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$ { expires 1h; } log_format access '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for'; access_log /data1/logs/access.log access; } server { listen 80; server_name www.zyan.cc; index index.html index.htm index.php; root /data0/htdocs/www; location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$ { #fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; include fcgi.conf; } log_format wwwlogs '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for'; access_log /data1/logs/wwwlogs.log wwwlogs; } server { listen 80; server_name status.blog.zyan.cc; location / { stub_status on; access_log off; } } } ②、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建fcgi.conf文件:
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf
输入以下内容:
引用
fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx; fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string; fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method; fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type; fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri; fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri; fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root; fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol; fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr; fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port; fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr; fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port; fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name; # PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect fastcgi_param REDIRECT_STATUS 200; 5、启动Nginx
ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx 四、配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP
vi /etc/rc.local
在末尾增加以下内容:
引用
ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx 五、优化Linux内核参数
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
在末尾增加以下内容:
引用
# Add
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536 net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 32768 net.core.somaxconn = 32768 net.core.wmem_default = 8388608 net.core.rmem_default = 8388608 net.core.rmem_max = 16777216 net.core.wmem_max = 16777216 net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2 net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1 #net.ipv4.tcp_tw_len = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000 net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800 #net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30 #net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 120 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535 使配置立即生效:
/sbin/sysctl -p
六、在不停止Nginx服务的情况下平滑变更Nginx配置 1、修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后,请执行以下命令检查配置文件是否正确:
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
如果屏幕显示以下两行信息,说明配置文件正确: the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully 2、平滑重启: ①、对于Nginx 0.8.x版本,现在平滑重启Nginx配置非常简单,执行以下命令即可:
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
②、对于Nginx 0.8.x之前的版本,平滑重启稍微麻烦一些,按照以下步骤进行即可。输入以下命令查看Nginx主进程号:
ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'
屏幕显示的即为Nginx主进程号,例如: 6302 这时,执行以下命令即可使修改过的Nginx配置文件生效:
kill -HUP 6302
或者无需这么麻烦,找到Nginx的Pid文件:
kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`
七、编写每天定时切割Nginx日志的脚本 1、创建脚本/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
输入以下内容:
引用
#!/bin/bash
# This script run at 00:00 # The Nginx logs path logs_path="/usr/local/webserver/nginx/logs/" mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/ mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/access_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid` 2、设置crontab,每天凌晨00:00切割nginx访问日志
crontab -e
输入以下内容:
引用
00 00 * * * /bin/bash /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
本文若有小的修改,会第一时间在以下网址发布: http://blog.zyan.cc/nginx_php_v6/ 附:文章修改历史 ● [2010年03月04日] [Version 6.0] 新建 ● [2010年04月16日] [Version 6.1] Nginx版本升级到0.8.35。 ● [2010年05月14日] [Version 6.2] Nginx版本升级到0.8.36。MySQL版本升级到5.5.3-m3,my.cnf配置文件中的thread_concurrency、master-connect-retry参数在新版本中不支持,已经注释掉。 ● [2010年07月26日] [Version 6.3] Nginx版本升级到0.8.46。PHP版本升级到5.2.14。其他软件也做了相应的升级。开启php.ini中的cgi.fix_pathinfo=0,防止Nginx文件类型错误解析漏洞。 (全文完) http://blog.zyan.cc/nginx_php_v6/ (责任编辑:IT) |