linux swap交换分区配置实例详解
时间:2014-09-06 01:21 来源:linux.it.net.cn 作者:it
linux系统中swap交换分区的配置方法,swap分区简介,swap分区的创建与删除、swap分区的管理维护等。
linux swap交换分区配置
一、swap分区说明
1.1 swap 概述
当系统的物理内存不够用的时候,就需要将物理内存中的一部分空间释放出来,以供当前运行的程序使用。那些被释放的空间可能来自一些很长时间没有什么操作的程序,这些被释放的空间被临时保存到swap空间中,等到那些程序要运行时,再从swap中恢复保存的数据到内存中。这样,系统总是在物理内存不够时,才进行swap交换。
这个是swap 交换分区的作用。 实际上更关注的应该是swap分区的大小问题。 设置多大才是最优的。
一般来说可以按照如下规则设置swap大小:
4g以内的物理内存,swap 设置为内存的2倍。
4-8g的物理内存,swap 等于内存大小。
8-64g 的物理内存,swap 设置为8g。
64-256g物理内存,swap 设置为16g。
实际上,系统中交换分区的大小并不取决于物理内存的量,而是取决于系统中内存的负荷,所以在安装系统时要根据具体的业务来设置swap的值。
1.2 系统在什么情况下才会使用swap?
实际上,并不是等所有的物理内存都消耗完毕之后,才去使用swap的空间,什么时候使用是由swappiness 参数值控制。
[root@rhce ~]# cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
60
该值默认值是60.
swappiness=0的时候表示最大限度使用物理内存,然后才是 swap空间,
swappiness=100的时候表示积极的使用swap分区,并且把内存上的数据及时的搬运到swap空间里面。
现在服务器的内存动不动就是上百G,所以可以把这个参数值设置的低一些,让linux操作系统尽可能的使用物理内存,降低系统对swap的使用,从而提高系统的性能。
1.3 如何修改swappiness参数?
--临时性修改:
[root@rhce ~]# sysctl vm.swappiness=10
vm.swappiness = 10
[root@rhce ~]# cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
10
这里修改已经生效,但是如果重启了系统,又会变成60.
--永久修改:
在/etc/sysctl.conf 文件里添加如下参数:
vm.swappiness=10
或者:
[root@rhce ~]# echo 'vm.swappiness=10' >>/etc/sysctl.conf
保存,重启,就生效了。
二.管理swap分区
2.1 查看系统当前swap 空间大小
[root@dave ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1954 1923 31 0 21 1345
-/+ buffers/cache: 555 1399
Swap: 1999 21 1978
2.2 释放SWAP 空间
假设系统出现了性能问题,通过vmstat命令看到有大量的swap,而物理内存又很充足,那么可以手工把swap空间释放出来。
让进程去使用物理内存,从而提高性能。
[root@dave ~]# vmstat 1 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-------io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
0 0 22272 32620 22032 1378312 0 0 33 38 0 41 1 2 96 0 0
0 0 22272 32612 22032 1378340 0 0 0 0 902 1627 0 5 95 0 0
0 0 22272 32612 22032 1378340 0 0 0 0 905 1636 1 8 91 0 0
0 0 22272 32612 22032 1378340 0 0 0 32 907 1616 0 6 94 0 0
0 0 22272 32612 22032 1378340 0 0 0 0 924 1651 0 8 92 0 0
[root@dave ~]#
[root@dave ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1954 1923 31 0 21 1345
-/+ buffers/cache: 555 1399
Swap: 1999 21 1978
注意:free命令默认单位为k, -m 单位为M。 我们这里的swap使用了21M的空间。
--查看当前swap 的使用
[root@dave ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 2047992 22272 -1
[root@dave ~]# cat /proc/swaps
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 2047992 22272 -1
[root@dave ~]#
swapon –s 等于 cat/proc/swaps
--关闭swap 交换分区:
[root@dave ~]# swapoff/dev/sda2
[root@dave ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
--查看swap的使用情况:
[root@dave ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1954 1939 15 0 21 1343
-/+ buffers/cache: 573 1381
Swap: 0 0 0
--启用swap分区:
[root@dave ~]# swapon /dev/sda2
--验证状态:
[root@dave ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 2047992 0 -1
这里/dev/sda2是我们在安装操作系统时划分的磁盘分区。
实际上,也可以使用文件来做为交换分区。具体后面会演示。
上面写的是具体名称,也可是使用swapoff -a进程,演示如下:
[root@dave ~]# swapoff -a
[root@dave ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
[root@dave ~]# swapon -a
[root@dave ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 2047992 0 -1
[root@dave ~]#
查看/etc/fstab 文件,我们的swap 也配置到开启自动启动了。
[root@dave ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed Aug 15 00:09:26 2012
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, aremaintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8)and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=beea0820-3ac3-4551-9bf0-1b2a462d3ab4 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=e5ec9543-143f-4e3b-b8a7-4fa05b01836a/boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=b256c0bb-9000-456b-b9eb-18239b5df5ddswap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
简单说明:
(1)ext分区是否启用由mount及umount控制。
(2)swap分区是否启动,由swapon及swapoff控制。
对swap 空间的释放,也是通过关闭swap分区,在启动swap 分区来实现的。
2.3 使用文件来作为SWAP 交换分区
这里使用文件添加一个交换区,具体操作如下:
--在根目录下生成一个文件:swap-file,大小1G:
[root@dave u01]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap-filebs=1M count=1024
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 5.91518 s, 182MB/s
[root@dave u01]# cd /
[root@dave /]# ls
bin cgroup etc lib lost+found misc net proc sbin srv sys u01 usr
boot dev home lib64 media mnt opt root selinux swap-file tmp u02 var
[root@dave /]#
--将生成的文件格式化成交换分区:
[root@dave /]# mkswap /swap-file
mkswap: /swap-file: warning: don't erase bootbitssectors
onwhole disk. Use -f to force.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
no label, UUID=653bbeb5-4abb-4295-b110-5847e073140d
--这里没有分区的lable,只有一个UUID。
--启动swap分区并查看状态:
[root@dave /]# swapon /swap-file
[root@dave /]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 2047992 0 -1
/swap-file file 1048568 0 -2
这里就看到了2个swap。
但是这个只对当前有效,如果想下次重启系统后还继续有效,需要将配置写入到/etc/fstab文件中。
在/etc/fstab文件中添加如下内容:
UUID=653bbeb5-4abb-4295-b110-5847e073140d swap swap defaults 0 0
或者:
/swap-file swap swap defaults 0 0
2.4 使用磁盘添加swap
先划分一个1G的磁盘分区出来:
[root@rhce /]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partitiontable, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier0x65edb587.
Changes will remain in memory only, until youdecide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won'tbe recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It'sstrongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-652, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-652,default 652): +1G
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@rhce /]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000bcd24
DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 128 1024000 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 128 511 3072000 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda3 511 2611 16874496 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x65edb587
DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux
…
注意这里fdisk ID的编号。 这里显示的83,它代表这个分区是ext的分区,这个是不能用来做swap的。
在fdisk 命令可以看到具体数据的含义:
Command (m for help): l
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linuxplaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 HiddenFAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaqdiagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 HiddenFAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 HiddenFAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS/ HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 HiddenHPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 ASTSmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b HiddenW95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c HiddenW95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e HiddenW95 FAT1
ext的分区ID号:0x83
swap的分区ID号:0x82
--将/dev/sdb1分区改成swap 分区:
[root@rhce ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It'sstrongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): h
h: unknown command
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS /.
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linuxplaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 HiddenFAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaqdiagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 HiddenFAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 HiddenFAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS/ HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 HiddenHPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 ASTSmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b HiddenW95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c HiddenW95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e HiddenW95 FAT1
Hex code (type L to list codes):82
Changed system type of partition1 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
--注意这里更改磁盘分区的ID类型,如果不更在,在系统重启时会根据ID来判断磁盘的类型,那样在使用时就会出现错误。
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed witherror 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new tablewill be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) orkpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@rhce ~]#
--格式化swap分区:
[root@rhce /]# mkswap /dev/sdb1
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060252 KiB
no label, UUID= bc913e6b-209a-49a7-b561-9b8c57294681
[root@rhce /]# mkswap –L swap-disk/dev/sdc1
一个设置了Lable,一个没设置。我们在添加/etc/fstab时,可是用LABLE名称,或者使用UUID来配置。 具体如上。
Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x65edb587
DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdc: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
181 heads, 40 sectors/track, 1448 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 7240 * 512 = 3706880 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 291 1053400 82 Linux swap / Solaris
注意: 使用blkid 查看类型已经变成了swap:
[root@rhce ~]# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="935f7fb2-2ef4-486f-ae4e-265eaf9f580f"TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda2:UUID="43343402-9188-4cdc-9c79-0e36ab737517" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sda3:UUID="7e49fb2c-6fd8-461a-95d9-65d1f3994160" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sdb1:UUID="bc913e6b-209a-49a7-b561-9b8c57294681" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sdc1:LABEL="swap-disk"UUID="799b4379-ca59-4508-ad04-2d18847b3fd9" TYPE="swap"
[root@rhce ~]#
这里类型已改变,可以尝试手工的启动swap:
[root@rhce ~]# swapon /dev/sdc1
[root@rhce ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 3071992 0 -1
/dev/sdb1 partition 1060248 0 -2
/dev/sdc1 partition 1053392 0 -3
这里可以直接启用swap。
这里把/dev/dbb1和/dev/sdc1都添加/etc/fstab 文件,在重启下看看。
添加内容:
UUID=bc913e6b-209a-49a7-b561-9b8c57294681 swap swap defaults 0 0
LABEL=swap-disk swap swap defaults 0 0
重启系统后查看:
[root@rhce ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 3071992 0 -1
/dev/sdb1 partition 1060248 0 -2
/dev/sdc1 partition 1053392 0 -3
--对/dev/sdb1 进行测试:
[root@rhce ~]# swapoff /dev/sdb1
[root@rhce ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 3071992 0 -1
[root@rhce ~]# swapon /dev/sdb1
[root@rhce ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda2 partition 3071992 0 -1
/dev/sdb1 partition 1060248 0 -2
2.5 swap 分区的删除
swapoff 文件之后,删除掉对应的空间,在从/etc/fstab删除对应的记录即可。
(责任编辑:IT)
linux系统中swap交换分区的配置方法,swap分区简介,swap分区的创建与删除、swap分区的管理维护等。
linux swap交换分区配置
4g以内的物理内存,swap 设置为内存的2倍。
4-8g的物理内存,swap 等于内存大小。 8-64g 的物理内存,swap 设置为8g。 64-256g物理内存,swap 设置为16g。
实际上,系统中交换分区的大小并不取决于物理内存的量,而是取决于系统中内存的负荷,所以在安装系统时要根据具体的业务来设置swap的值。
[root@rhce ~]# cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
60
该值默认值是60.
--临时性修改:
[root@rhce ~]# sysctl vm.swappiness=10 vm.swappiness = 10 [root@rhce ~]# cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness 10
这里修改已经生效,但是如果重启了系统,又会变成60.
vm.swappiness=10
或者: [root@rhce ~]# echo 'vm.swappiness=10' >>/etc/sysctl.conf
保存,重启,就生效了。
[root@dave ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1954 1923 31 0 21 1345 -/+ buffers/cache: 555 1399 Swap: 1999 21 1978
2.2 释放SWAP 空间
[root@dave ~]# vmstat 1 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-------io---- --system-- -----cpu----- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 0 0 22272 32620 22032 1378312 0 0 33 38 0 41 1 2 96 0 0 0 0 22272 32612 22032 1378340 0 0 0 0 902 1627 0 5 95 0 0 0 0 22272 32612 22032 1378340 0 0 0 0 905 1636 1 8 91 0 0 0 0 22272 32612 22032 1378340 0 0 0 32 907 1616 0 6 94 0 0 0 0 22272 32612 22032 1378340 0 0 0 0 924 1651 0 8 92 0 0 [root@dave ~]# [root@dave ~]# free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1954 1923 31 0 21 1345 -/+ buffers/cache: 555 1399 Swap: 1999 21 1978
注意:free命令默认单位为k, -m 单位为M。 我们这里的swap使用了21M的空间。
--查看当前swap 的使用
[root@dave ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda2 partition 2047992 22272 -1 [root@dave ~]# cat /proc/swaps Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda2 partition 2047992 22272 -1 [root@dave ~]#
swapon –s 等于 cat/proc/swaps
--关闭swap 交换分区:
[root@dave ~]# swapoff/dev/sda2 [root@dave ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority --查看swap的使用情况: [root@dave ~]# free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1954 1939 15 0 21 1343 -/+ buffers/cache: 573 1381 Swap: 0 0 0 --启用swap分区: [root@dave ~]# swapon /dev/sda2 --验证状态: [root@dave ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda2 partition 2047992 0 -1
这里/dev/sda2是我们在安装操作系统时划分的磁盘分区。
[root@dave ~]# swapoff -a
[root@dave ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority [root@dave ~]# swapon -a [root@dave ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda2 partition 2047992 0 -1 [root@dave ~]#
查看/etc/fstab 文件,我们的swap 也配置到开启自动启动了。
[root@dave ~]# cat /etc/fstab
# # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Wed Aug 15 00:09:26 2012 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, aremaintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8)and/or blkid(8) for more info # UUID=beea0820-3ac3-4551-9bf0-1b2a462d3ab4 / ext4 defaults 1 1 UUID=e5ec9543-143f-4e3b-b8a7-4fa05b01836a/boot ext4 defaults 1 2 UUID=b256c0bb-9000-456b-b9eb-18239b5df5ddswap swap defaults 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
简单说明:
--在根目录下生成一个文件:swap-file,大小1G:
[root@dave u01]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap-filebs=1M count=1024 1024+0 records in 1024+0 records out 1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 5.91518 s, 182MB/s [root@dave u01]# cd / [root@dave /]# ls bin cgroup etc lib lost+found misc net proc sbin srv sys u01 usr boot dev home lib64 media mnt opt root selinux swap-file tmp u02 var [root@dave /]# --将生成的文件格式化成交换分区: [root@dave /]# mkswap /swap-file mkswap: /swap-file: warning: don't erase bootbitssectors onwhole disk. Use -f to force. Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB no label, UUID=653bbeb5-4abb-4295-b110-5847e073140d --这里没有分区的lable,只有一个UUID。 --启动swap分区并查看状态: [root@dave /]# swapon /swap-file [root@dave /]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda2 partition 2047992 0 -1 /swap-file file 1048568 0 -2
这里就看到了2个swap。
UUID=653bbeb5-4abb-4295-b110-5847e073140d swap swap defaults 0 0
或者: /swap-file swap swap defaults 0 0
2.4 使用磁盘添加swap
[root@rhce /]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partitiontable, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier0x65edb587. Changes will remain in memory only, until youdecide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won'tbe recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4will be corrected by w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It'sstrongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-652, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-652,default 652): +1G Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. [root@rhce /]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000bcd24 DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 128 1024000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 128 511 3072000 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 511 2611 16874496 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x65edb587 DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux …
注意这里fdisk ID的编号。 这里显示的83,它代表这个分区是ext的分区,这个是不能用来做swap的。
Command (m for help): l
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linuxplaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 HiddenFAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaqdiagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 HiddenFAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 HiddenFAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS/ HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 HiddenHPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 ASTSmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b HiddenW95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c HiddenW95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e HiddenW95 FAT1
ext的分区ID号:0x83
[root@rhce ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It'sstrongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): h h: unknown command Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help): t Selected partition 1 Hex code (type L to list codes): L 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS /. 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linuxplaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 HiddenFAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaqdiagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 HiddenFAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 HiddenFAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS/ HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 HiddenHPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 ASTSmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b HiddenW95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c HiddenW95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e HiddenW95 FAT1 Hex code (type L to list codes):82 Changed system type of partition1 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) --注意这里更改磁盘分区的ID类型,如果不更在,在系统重启时会根据ID来判断磁盘的类型,那样在使用时就会出现错误。 Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed witherror 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new tablewill be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) orkpartx(8) Syncing disks. [root@rhce ~]# --格式化swap分区: [root@rhce /]# mkswap /dev/sdb1 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060252 KiB no label, UUID= bc913e6b-209a-49a7-b561-9b8c57294681 [root@rhce /]# mkswap –L swap-disk/dev/sdc1
一个设置了Lable,一个没设置。我们在添加/etc/fstab时,可是用LABLE名称,或者使用UUID来配置。 具体如上。
Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x65edb587 DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdc: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes 181 heads, 40 sectors/track, 1448 cylinders Units = cylinders of 7240 * 512 = 3706880 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 DeviceBoot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 1 291 1053400 82 Linux swap / Solaris
注意: 使用blkid 查看类型已经变成了swap:
[root@rhce ~]# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="935f7fb2-2ef4-486f-ae4e-265eaf9f580f"TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda2:UUID="43343402-9188-4cdc-9c79-0e36ab737517" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda3:UUID="7e49fb2c-6fd8-461a-95d9-65d1f3994160" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sdb1:UUID="bc913e6b-209a-49a7-b561-9b8c57294681" TYPE="swap" /dev/sdc1:LABEL="swap-disk"UUID="799b4379-ca59-4508-ad04-2d18847b3fd9" TYPE="swap" [root@rhce ~]#
这里类型已改变,可以尝试手工的启动swap:
[root@rhce ~]# swapon /dev/sdc1
[root@rhce ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda2 partition 3071992 0 -1 /dev/sdb1 partition 1060248 0 -2 /dev/sdc1 partition 1053392 0 -3
这里可以直接启用swap。
添加内容:
UUID=bc913e6b-209a-49a7-b561-9b8c57294681 swap swap defaults 0 0
LABEL=swap-disk swap swap defaults 0 0
重启系统后查看:
[root@rhce ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda2 partition 3071992 0 -1 /dev/sdb1 partition 1060248 0 -2 /dev/sdc1 partition 1053392 0 -3 --对/dev/sdb1 进行测试: [root@rhce ~]# swapoff /dev/sdb1 [root@rhce ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda2 partition 3071992 0 -1 [root@rhce ~]# swapon /dev/sdb1 [root@rhce ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda2 partition 3071992 0 -1 /dev/sdb1 partition 1060248 0 -2
2.5 swap 分区的删除 |