当前位置: > Linux服务器 > Docker >

理解Docker(1):Docker 安装和基础用法

时间:2016-11-27 01:32来源:linux.it.net.cn 作者:IT

1. 安装

1.1 在 Ubuntu 14.04 上安装 Docker

前提要求:

  • 内核版本必须是3.10或者以上

依次执行下面的步骤:

  1. sudo apt-get update
  2. sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates
  3. sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://p80.pool.sks-keyservers.net:80 --recv-keys 58118E89F3A912897C070ADBF76221572C52609D
  4. 编辑 /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list 文件,添加 deb https://apt.dockerproject.org/repo ubuntu-trusty main
  5. sudo apt-get update
  6. sudo apt-get purge lxc-docker
  7. apt-cache policy docker-engine
  8. apt-get upgrade
  9. sudo apt-get install linux-image-extra-$(uname -r) linux-image-extra-virtual
  10. sudo apt-get install docker-engine

至此,安装过程完成。

  1. 运行 sudo service docker start 启动 Docker 守护进程。
  2. 运行 docker version 查看 Docker 版本
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker --version
Docker version 1.12.1, build 23cf638

启动第一个容器:

  1. 启动第一个Docker 容器 docker run hello-world
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker run hello-world

Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

它的运行成功也表明前面的安装步骤都运行正确了。 

以上内容参考自 Docker 官网:https://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/linux/ubuntulinux/

1.2 Docker 到目前(2016/09/16)为止的版本历史

版本号 发布日期 发布经理
Docker 1.12.1 08/18/2016  
Docker 1.12.0 07/28/2016  
Docker 1.11.0 04/12/2016 @mlaventure
Docker 1.10.0 02/04/2016 @thaJeztah
Docker 1.9.0 10/29/2015 @tiborvass
Docker 1.8.0 08/11/2015 @calavera

 

2. Docker 的基本操作

2.1 Docker 容器的状态机

(图片来源)

一个容器在某个时刻可能处于以下几种状态之一:

  • created:已经被创建 (使用 docker ps -a 命令可以列出)但是还没有被启动 (使用 docker ps 命令还无法列出)
  • running:运行中
  • paused:容器的进程被暂停了
  • restarting:容器的进程正在重启过程中
  • exited:上图中的 stopped 状态,表示容器之前运行过但是现在处于停止状态(要区别于 created 状态,它是指一个新创出的尚未运行过的容器)。可以通过 start 命令使其重新进入 running 状态
  • destroyed:容器被删除了,再也不存在了

你可以在 docker inspect 命令的输出中查看其详细状态:

"State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 4597,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2016-09-16T08:09:34.53403504Z",
            "FinishedAt": "2016-09-16T08:06:44.365106765Z"
        }

2.2 Docker 命令概述

我们可以把Docker 的命令大概地分类如下:

    镜像操作:
    build     Build an image from a Dockerfile
    commit    Create a new image from a container's changes
    images    List images
    load      Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
    pull      Pull an image or a repository from a registry
    push      Push an image or a repository to a registry
    rmi       Remove one or more images
    search    Search the Docker Hub for images
    tag       Tag an image into a repository
    save      Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
    history   显示某镜像的历史
    inspect   获取镜像的详细信息

    容器及其中应用的生命周期操作:
    create    Create a new container (创建一个容器)        
    kill      Kill one or more running containers
    inspect   Return low-level information on a container, image or task
    pause     Pause all processes within one or more containers
    ps        List containers
    rm        Remove one or more containers (删除一个或者多个容器)
    rename    Rename a container
    restart   Restart a container
    run       Run a command in a new container (创建并启动一个容器)
    start     Start one or more stopped containers (启动一个处于停止状态的容器)
    stats     Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics (显示容器实时的资源消耗信息)
    stop      Stop one or more running containers (停止一个处于运行状态的容器)
    top       Display the running processes of a container
    unpause   Unpause all processes within one or more containers
    update    Update configuration of one or more containers
    wait      Block until a container stops, then print its exit code
    attach    Attach to a running container
    exec      Run a command in a running container
    port      List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
    logs      获取容器的日志    
    
    容器文件系统操作:
    cp        Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
    diff      Inspect changes on a container's filesystem
    export    Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
    import    Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
    
    Docker registry 操作:
    login     Log in to a Docker registry.
    logout    Log out from a Docker registry.
    
    Volume 操作
    volume    Manage Docker volumes
    
    网络操作
    network   Manage Docker networks
    
    Swarm 相关操作
    swarm     Manage Docker Swarm
    service   Manage Docker services
    node      Manage Docker Swarm nodes       
    
    系统操作:    
    version   Show the Docker version information
    events    Get real time events from the server  (持续返回docker 事件)
    info      Display system-wide information (显示Docker 主机系统范围内的信息)

	

比较有意思的几个命令:

(1)容器从生到死整个生命周期

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker create --name web31 training/webapp python app.py  #创建名字为 web31 的容器
7465f4cb7c49555af32929bd1bc4213f5e72643c0116450e495b71c7ec128502
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31 #其状态为 created
created
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker start web31 #启动容器
web31
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31 #其状态为 running
running
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker pause web31 #暂停容器
web31
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31
paused
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker unpause web31 #继续容器
web31
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31
running
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker rename web31 newweb31 #重命名
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' newweb31
running
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker top newweb31 #在容器中运行 top 命令
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                5009                4979                0                   16:28               ?                   00:00:00            python app.py
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker logs newweb31 #获取容器的日志
 * Running on http://0.0.0.0:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker stop newweb31 #停止容器
newweb31
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' newweb31
exited
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker rm newweb31 #删除容器
newweb31
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' newweb31
Error: No such image, container or task: newweb31

(2) docker stop 和 docker kill

在docker stop 命令执行的时候,会先向容器中PID为1的进程发送系统信号 SIGTERM,然后等待容器中的应用程序终止执行,如果等待时间达到设定的超时时间(默认为 10秒,用户可以指定特定超时时长),会继续发送SIGKILL的系统信号强行kill掉进程。在容器中的应用程序,可以选择忽略和不处理SIGTERM信号,不过一旦达到超时时间,程序就会被系统强行kill掉,因为SIGKILL信号是直接发往系统内核的,应用程序没有机会去处理它。

比如运行 docker stop web5 -t 20 命令后:

2016-09-16T16:01:18.206540853+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=15)
2016-09-16T16:01:38.212352224+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=9)
2016-09-16T16:01:38.235021315+08:00 container die b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (exitCode=137, image=training/webapp, name=web5)

能看到:

  1. 首先 docker 向容器发出 SIGTERM 信号(signal=15)
  2. 等待20秒 (01:18 到 01:38)
  3. 再发送 SIGKILL 系统信号 (signal = 9)
  4. 然后容器被杀掉了 (die)

而 docker kill 命令会直接发出SIGKILL的系统信号,以强行终止容器中程序的运行。运行 docker kill web5 命令后:

2016-09-16T16:06:44.351086471+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=9)
2016-09-16T16:06:44.365116100+08:00 container die b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (exitCode=137, image=training/webapp, name=web5)

可见直接发出的是 SIGKILL 信号,容器立马就被杀掉了。

(3)使用 docker cp 在 host 和 container 之间拷贝文件或者目录

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker cp /home/sammy/mydockerbuild/Dockerfile web5:/webapp #从 host 拷贝文件到 container 里面
root@devstack:/home/sammy#
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker cp web5:/webapp/Dockerfile /home/sammy/Dockerfile #从 container 里面拷贝文件到 host 上
root@devstack:/home/sammy# ls /home/sammy
chroot  devstack  Dockerfile  mongodbdocker  mydockerbuild  webapp

(4)docker export 和 import

docker export:将一个容器的文件系统打包为一个压缩文件

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker export web5 -o ./web5
root@devstack:/home/sammy# ls
chroot  devstack  Dockerfile  mongodbdocker  mydockerbuild  web5  webapp

docker import:从一个压缩文件创建一个镜像

root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker import web5 web5img -m "imported on 0916"
sha256:745bb258be0a69a517367667646148bb2f662565bb3d222b50c0c22e5274a926
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker history web5img
IMAGE               CREATED             CREATED BY          SIZE                COMMENT
745bb258be0a        6 seconds ago                           324 MB              imported on 0916

 2.3 docker run 命令

docker run 命令会创建一个容器并启动它,它也是包含很多的参数,按照用途将它们分类如下:

   cgroups 和 namespace 相关:
      --blkio-weight value          Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000
      --blkio-weight-device value   Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default [])
      --cgroup-parent string        Optional parent cgroup for the container
      --cpu-percent int             CPU percent (Windows only)
      --cpu-period int              Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
      --cpu-quota int               Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
  -c, --cpu-shares int              CPU shares (relative weight)
      --cpuset-cpus string          CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
      --cpuset-mems string          MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
      --device-read-bps value       Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default [])
      --device-read-iops value      Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default [])
      --device-write-bps value      Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default [])
      --device-write-iops value     Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default [])
      --ipc string                  IPC namespace to use
  -m, --memory string               Memory limit
      --memory-reservation string   Memory soft limit
      --memory-swap string          Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
      --memory-swappiness int       Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1)
      --kernel-memory string        Kernel memory limit
  -u, --user string                 Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>])
      --userns string               User namespace to use
      --uts string                  UTS namespace to use
  -h, --hostname string             Container host name
      --pid string                  PID namespace to use
      --pids-limit int              Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited)
      --isolation string            Container isolation technology
      --io-maxbandwidth string      Maximum IO bandwidth limit for the system drive (Windows only)
      --io-maxiops uint             Maximum IOps limit for the system drive (Windows only)
    
    linux process capabilities 相关参数:
      --cap-add value               Add Linux capabilities (default [])
      --cap-drop value              Drop Linux capabilities (default [])
    
    容器运行模式和环境相关:
  -d, --detach                      Run container in background and print container ID
  -e, --env value                   Set environment variables (default [])
      --env-file value              Read in a file of environment variables (default [])
    
    DNS 相关:
      --dns value                   Set custom DNS servers (default [])
      --dns-opt value               Set DNS options (default [])
      --dns-search value            Set custom DNS search domains (default [])
    
    健康检查相关:
      --health-cmd string           Command to run to check health
      --health-interval duration    Time between running the check
      --health-retries int          Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
      --health-timeout duration     Maximum time to allow one check to run
      --no-healthcheck              Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK
      
    IP 和端口:
      --ip string                   Container IPv4 address (e.g. 172.30.100.104)
      --ip6 string                  Container IPv6 address (e.g. 2001:db8::33)
  -p, --publish value               Publish a container's port(s) to the host (default [])
  -P, --publish-all                 Publish all exposed ports to random ports
      --expose value                Expose a port or a range of ports (default [])
      --mac-address string          Container MAC address (e.g. 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33)
      --add-host value              Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip) (default [])
      
    Volume 相关:
  -v, --volume value                Bind mount a volume (default [])
      --volume-driver string        Optional volume driver for the container
      --volumes-from value          Mount volumes from the specified container(s) (default [])
      --storage-opt value           Storage driver options for the container (default [])
  
    Network 有关:
      --network string              Connect a container to a network (default "default")
      --network-alias value         Add network-scoped alias for the container (default [])
      --link value                  Add link to another container (default [])
      --link-local-ip value         Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses (default [])
    
    日志有关:
      --log-driver string           Logging driver for the container
      --log-opt value               Log driver options (default [])
    
    交互性有关:
  -a, --attach value                Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR (default [])
  -i, --interactive                 Keep STDIN open even if not attached
   
    OOM 有关:   
      --oom-kill-disable            Disable OOM Killer
      --oom-score-adj int           Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000)
    
    其它(待更进一步分类):
      --cidfile string              Write the container ID to the file
      --detach-keys string          Override the key sequence for detaching a container
      --device value                Add a host device to the container (default [])
      --disable-content-trust       Skip image verification (default true)
      --entrypoint string           Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image
      --group-add value             Add additional groups to join (default [])
      --help                        Print usage
  -l, --label value                 Set meta data on a container (default [])
      --label-file value            Read in a line delimited file of labels (default [])
      --name string                 Assign a name to the container
      --privileged                  Give extended privileges to this container
      --read-only                   Mount the container's root filesystem as read only
      --restart string              Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no")
      --rm                          Automatically remove the container when it exits
      --runtime string              Runtime to use for this container
      --security-opt value          Security Options (default [])
      --shm-size string             Size of /dev/shm, default value is 64MB
      --sig-proxy                   Proxy received signals to the process (default true)
      --stop-signal string          Signal to stop a container, SIGTERM by default (default "SIGTERM")
      --sysctl value                Sysctl options (default map[])
      --tmpfs value                 Mount a tmpfs directory (default [])
  -t, --tty                         Allocate a pseudo-TTY
      --ulimit value                Ulimit options (default [])
  -w, --workdir string              Working directory inside the container

具体的内容以后会有专门文件分析。

3. Doker 平台的基本构成

Docker 平台基本上由三部分组成:

  1. 客户端:用户使用 Docker 提供的工具(CLI 以及 API 等)来构建,上传镜像并发布命令来创建和启动容器
  2. Docker 主机:从 Docker registry 上下载镜像并启动容器
  3. Docker registry:Docker 镜像仓库,用于保存镜像,并提供镜像上传和下载

后面的文章会具体分析。

 



(责任编辑:IT)
------分隔线----------------------------
栏目列表
推荐内容